President of India

President of India is the head of the Union Executive.
President of India is also Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces

ation	Must be a citizen of India Completed 35 years of age Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha Must not hold any government post. Exceptions are: President and Vice-President Governor of any state Minister of Union State
Election	Indirectly elected through ‘Electoral College’ consisting of Elected members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members) Security deposit of Rs 15,000/- Supreme court inquires all disputes regarding President’s Election. Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior-most Judge of Supreme Court
Terms and Emoluments	5 year term Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the number of times a person can become President Can give resignation to Vice-President before full-term Present Salary- Rs. 1,00,000/month (including allowances & emoluments)
Impeachment	Quasi-judicial procedure Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of constitution The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament
Vacancy	In case of office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the Vice-President act as President. It he is not available then Chief Justice, it not then senior-most Judge of the Supreme court shall act as the President of India The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy
Powers	Appoints PM, Ministers, Chief Justice & judge of Supreme Court & High Court, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General, Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of Election Commission of India, Governors, Members of Finance Commission, Ambassadors, etc Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok Sabha Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 years) that recommends distribution of taxes between Union & State governments The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:- National Emergency (Article 352) State Emergency (President’s Rule) (Article 356) Financial Emergency (Article 360) He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India President appoints Chief of Army, Navy and Air force Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the Parliament No money bill or demand for grant can be introduced or moved in Parliament unless it has been recommended by the President He has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remit of punishment or commute death sentences

Important Battles of Indian History

Important Battles of Indian History
BC
327-26	Alexander invades India. Defeats Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum) 326 BC
305	Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Greek King Seleucus.
216	The Kalinga War. Conquest of Kalinga by Ashoka.
c. 155	Menander's invasion of India
c. 90	The Saka invade India
AD
454	The first Huna invasion
495	The second Huna invasion
711-712	The Arab invasion of Sind under Mohammed-bin-Qasim
1000-27	Mahmud Ghazni invades India 17 times
1175-1206	Invasions of Muhammad Ghori. First Battle of Tarain. 1191 - Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeats Muhammad Ghori; Second Battle of Tarain, 1192 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Prithvi Chauhan; Battle of Chandawar, 1194 - Muhammad Ghori defeats Jayachandra Gahadvala of Kanauj.
1294	Alauddin Khilji invades the Yadava kingdom of Devagiri. The first Turkish invasion of the Deccan.
1398	Timur invades India. Defeats the Tughlaq Sultan Mahmud Shah; the Sack of Delhi
1526	Babur invades India and defeats the last Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Lohi in the first Battle of Panipat.
1539-40	Battles of Chusa or Ghaghra (1539) and Kanauj or Ganges (1540) in which Sher Shah defeats Humayun.
1545	Battle (siege) of kalinjar and death of Sher Shah Suri.
1556	Second Battle of Panipat. Akbar defeats Hemu.
1565	Battle of Rakatakshasi-Tangadi (Talikota) in which the forces of the empire of Vijanagar under King Sadasiva Raya and his regent Rama Raya are routed by the confederate forces of the Deccani states of Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, and Bidar.
1576	Battle of Haldighati, Akbar defeats Rana Pratap of Mewar.
1632-33	Conquest of Ahmadnagar by Shah Jahan.
1658	Battles of Dharmat (April-May 1658) and Samugarh (June 8, 1658). Dara Shikoh, elest son of Shah Jahan, defeated by Aurangzeb.
1665	Shivaji defeated by Raja Jai Singh and Treaty of Purandhar.
1739	Invasion of India by Nadir Shah.
1746	First Carnatic War.
1748-54	Second Carnatic War.
1756-63	Third Carnatic War.
1757	Battle of Plassey. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, defeated by Clive.
1760	Battle of Wandiwash, in which the English under Sir Eyre Coote defeated the French under Lally.
1762	Third Battle of Panipat. Marathas defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali.
1764	Battle of Buxar. The English (under Munro) defeated Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal and Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah of Awadh.
1767-69	First Mysore War.
1774	The Rohilla War between the Rohillas and the Nawab of Awadh supported by the East India Company.
1775-82	First Maratha War
1780-82	Maratha War
1780-84	Second Mysore War
1792	Third Mysore War
1799	Fourth Mysore War, Defeat and death of Tipu Sultan
1802-04	Second Maratha War
1817-18	Third Maratha War
1845-46	first Sikh War
1846	Battle of Aliwal between the English and the Sikhs. The Sikhs were defeated.
1848-49	Second Sikh war and annexation of the Punjab to British India.
1857	The Revolt of 1857 (The First War of Indian Independence)

Major Earthquakes around the World, 2012

Monster! 6.4 EARTHQUAKE Just Struck PHILIPPINES

Date	Location	Magnitude 1
Jan. 11	Sumatra, Indonesia	7.2
Feb. 2	Vanuatu	7.1
March 20	Ometepec, Mexico	7.4
March 25	Talca, Chile	7.1
April 11	Aceh Province, Indonesia	8.6
April 11	Aceh Province, Indonesia	8.2
April 12	Baja California, Mexico	7.0
May 21	Northern Italy	6.0

Railway Budget 2012-13

Railway Budget 2012-13 at a Glance

• Highest Ever Plan Outlay of Rs.60,000 crore
• 75 New Express Trains, 21 new Passenger Services, 9 DEMU and 8 MEMU services
• 137 Services New Sub-Urban Services to Come up in Mumbai, Chennai & Kolkata
• 725 km New Lines to be Introduced
• A Green Train and 200 Green Energy Stations Proposed
• Special Coaches for Differently- Abled Persons
• Emphasis on Infrastrucurure Development – 5 Focus Aras Identified
• 19000 km Rail Tracks to BE Modernised
• Mission-mode approach for rail modernisation
• Minor incrase in passanger fares
• A slew of passenger amentieis being introduced.
• The Railway Budget presented by Minister of Railways Shri Dinesh Trivedi in Parliament today seeks to raise investment in modernization and upgradation of rail infrastructure.